Long term effect on the skeletal system.

If you train your bone and body over a long period of time, they will become stronger, bigger and more efficient, because over that long period of time your bone and body got used to that type of training you've been doing.

 Skeletal muscles adapt to using more oxygen, the muscles and their capillaries become more efficient and can therefore work for a longer period of time.

Increase of bone density (bone strength) due to the increase in calcium production.

Increased Joint range of movement, because exercises increase the production of synovial Fluid. Synovial fluid increase our joint range of movements in the short term, but over a long period of times our joints dry out and they become stiff and we lose the range of movement, so the exercise we do creates the synovial fluid that allows us to increase our joint range of movements.

Our ligaments gets stronger, because they get used to the exercise you have done over that long period of time. The more exercise you do the stronger your ligaments become. if you put more weight on them they become stronger and more resistant.

Long term effect on the cardiovascular system.

If you train your body by doing loads of aerobic endurance, eventually all of your cadiovascular system wil become efficient.

Your breathing rate decreases at a resting point, your breathing becomes more efficient. You'll start taking less oxygen when your exercising, because your heart got bigger and stronger and increase of stroke volume, that means it will be more efficient on pumping blood around your body. pumping more blood in one beat than it used to with two pumps. The beats become more efficient , because the high intensity of exercise you've been doing over that period of time causes the wall of the left Ventricle to become thicker allowing a lot more blood leave the heart, so it doesn't have to pump has much. lowering your resting heart rate by even two beats a minute means your heart beats 2,880 less in just one day.

Your blood vessels will be able to handle significant amount of pressure, because of the training you've put them through over a long period of time. The number of Capillaries increases due to the regular exercise you've been doing, so your body becomes more efficient on taking waste products out, such as like carbon dioxide.

Long term adaptation of the muscloskeletal system.

Training your muscle over a very long period of time can lead to muscle hypertrophy.

 Muscle hypertrophy is when your training the muscle, Also it is caused by the increases in volume of contractile proteins within the muscles. The fibres in your muscle tear and after they start to recover, when they recover. They become stronger and bigger, so you can adapt to the weights your lifting.

If lots of your muscle tear at one it can lead to muscle injury, so lifting alot of weight that is impossible for you to lift will just injure you.

 Hypertrophy will happen (increased muscle size), because of the intense muscle training. Your muscles will realise that they cant lift that weight, so they become bigger and stronger for them to lift the weight.

Increased number of mitochondria, because they need to increase for you to lift the weight. Mitochondria stores energy within the muscle cell, so this increases the supple of ATP. Myoglobin is a site for oxygen storage within the muscle. The bigger your muscles become the more there will be for Myoglobin to store oxygen.

There will be an Increase of Tendon strength. Tendons are tough band of fibrous connective tissues that hole the bone and the muscle together. The tendons are there to withstand a high level of force. Tendons are just like muscles, if you train them they become stronger.

structure of the respiratory system.

Nasal cavity- The nasal cavity is where the air enters and has hair and mucus to stop the diseases in the air.

Trachea- The Trachea is also known has the wind pipe and is positioned at the front of the throat.

Right lung- The right lung is slightly bigger than the left lung, because of where the heart is positioned.

Diaphragm-  The Diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that run under the lungs to create vacuum. It controls the lungs.

Epiglottis- The Epiglottis is like a door. It stops food from entering the respiratory system.

Larynx- The air passes through the sound box (Larynx).

Bronchus- Bronchus is made of two tube one entering one lung and the other entering the other lung. It transfer oxygen into the lungs.

Short term effects of Exercise on the respiratory system.

Our Heart rate increases, because our body needs blood and oxygen to combine glucose with it, to create energy and use that energy.

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled increases, because to provide more oxygen to our body, because you don't want your body lacking oxygen and keeping all the carbon dioxide inside during a high intensity exercise.

Your Tidal Volume increases due to the body, because it needs to get rid of carbon dioxide and breath in oxygen. Our muscles need oxygen and blood to create energy, so they can use it during the exercise.

Your heart rate increases due to the heart having to work harder to pump oxygenated blood around the body, so the blood vessels will be under high pressure, because of the blood that the heart is pumping. Over time the blood vessels become stronger so they can cope with this high pressure.

Your breathing rate increases, in order to supply more oxygen to your working muscles, also your lungs have to work at a fast rate for them to remove carbon dioxide and supply oxygen to the heart, and the heart puts blood into that oxygen (Oxygenated blood). This process has to happen really fast, so your muscles can keep up with the activity or they'll just slow down if your heart and lungs ain't working fast enough.

Long term adaptation on the respiratory system.

The respiratory system changes over time when your really working hard. Your lung capacity changes over time, because if you do more endurance work your lung needs to deliver loads of energy to your muscles, so over time it will take in loads of oxygen at once than taking it several times.

Your breathing rate will decrease , because your heart will become more efficient over time. It will pump loads of blood at once, than pumping less blood, but loads of times.

Your inter-coastal muscles will become stronger and it will allow your rip cage to expand when your breathing, so that you can take a big breath.

The diaphragm will get stronger and bigger, so that you can take bigger breath than usual.

Your capillaries gets bigger and that allows it to take significant amount of oxygen to your muscles.

There will be an Increase of efficiency to deliver oxygen and remove waste products, because your lungs will be use to working really fast.

Increased lung efficiency and gaseous exchange, because the of the intense aerobic endurance exercises.

Increased maximum oxygen uptake (V02 max). Increased Vital capacity (VC) - due to improved lung function (Vital capacity is the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible).

Structure of the muscloskeletal system.

1. Your bicep and tricep are placed on the humerus( the long bone on your arm).

 2. Pectoral is on your chest you got two of them.

3. Rectus abdominal is beneath your pectoral, just covering your stomach.

4. Quadriceps are on your leg, the bone called femur. 

function of the muscloskeletal system.

1. Your bicep and tricep make your hand move up and down, also to pick stuff that your able to.

 2. Pectoral is there to protect your lung, inter-coastal muscles and diaphragm from getting damaged.

3. Rectus abdominal is to stop and damage happening to to our stomach, also our vital organs.

4. Quadriceps allows you to run as fast has you can and move your leg around, also it controls how fast you can move.

Function of the skeletal system.

There are 5 main function of the skeletal system. 

1. Shape-  Shape is the key thing in our body, if we didn't have shape we would just be a jelly.

2. Movement- Movement is done by contracting your muscle. Your muscles are around your bone, allowing it to move. 

3. Protection- Our bones protect our vital organs, because our vital organs are very delicate it can't handle the pressure we put on every.

4. Blood production- Red marrow bone is responsible for making red/white blood  cells. They make the red/white blood cell inside the bone.

5. Mineral storage- The bones in our body store special things. Calcium is very important for our bones, because it makes our bones stronger and bigger, also more efficient. 

Structure of the skeletal system.

When your born you start with 350 bones in your body. As you grow up some bones join up and become one, so you'll have less bones. When you turn and adult the bones stop fusing and joining up together, by that time you should roughly have about 206 bones in your body.

1. Long bones- Long bones are found in the arm and legs, they're longer than they are wide, also they have marrow bone inside them.

2. Short bones- They bones are found on the ankles, wrist, fingers and on the feet. They're cube shaped bones. Small, but very strong.

3. Flat bones- These type of bones are very strong, so they can protect the vital organs (brain, heart and lungs).

short term effect on the skeletal system

When your exercising your bones are under significant amount of pressure.

Your bones need calcium to survive that pressure. Calcium makes your bone stronger and bigger, so there will be less stress on your bone when your doing weight-bearing exercises. 

Our bodies produce cells called Osteoblasts, which build new bones and make bones stronger and denser and that lowers the risk of Osteoporosis.

If your bone is weak, then your bones will break with the slightest stress on them, so your bones need calcium.

There will be an increase of bone density (bone strength) due to increase in calcium production, Also stronger connectives tissues (Ligaments and Tendons), so more resistant to injury.

 Skeletal muscles adapt to using more oxygen, the muscles and their capillaries become more efficient and can therefore work for a longer period of time.

If you do a lot of high impact activities, it will encourage new bone formation. weight-bearing exercise such as like strength training and running puts stress through your bones. Your bones response to this stress by creating new bones that are stronger so next time when you do the same exercise your bones will cope with the exercise.

Function of Respiratory System.

The respiratory system makes us breathe. Brings oxygen into our body and takes carbon dioxide out. Our lungs put the oxygen into our blood cell and takes out carbon dioxide from the used blood cell. when your breathing your inter-coastal muscles contract and allows air to come in. Diaphragm and inter-coastal let us breathe, our lungs don't do much work. Our nose and mouth is only way air can get in. Our nose hair, because to clean the air we take in. It stops all the bacteria and molecules that are in the air. Epiglottis is what stops food getting into our Respiratory System. The Epiglottis closes when were eating, so food doesn't go into the Respirator System. We have Bronchi ( one entering each lung). The Bronchi splits up into loads of tubes and those tubes make everything happen, also make the change as well. The Alveoli makes gaseous exchange. The Alveoli have small thin wall. Only two muscles make the breathing happen. Diaphragm is the muscles below the lungs that create a vacuum and the other one is the inter-coastal muscle. The inter-coastal muscle is in the gap between two ribs.

Short term effects on the body on cardiovascular system.

when warming up for a sport the body gets warm.

The heart beats fast and the heart pumps more blood around the body.

Muscles starts to stretch because all the muscles are warm enough and you become more flexible

The veins and arteries ( Blood vessels) start to show on your skin, because they are under high pressure.

They do this at a constant speed until you stop. The cardiovascular system

This process happens really fast. Increased blood pressure- as the cardiovascular system works to deliver more oxygen and glucose to the muscles ( systolic pressure rises and diastolic pressure remains unchanged).

Re-distribution of blood flow( the vasoconstriction, narrowing) of

structure of the Cardiovascular System.

The heart is made up of four hallow chambers.The top two are atria and the bottom two are ventricles.The aria are the reception of the heart and receive the blood. The ventricle are the pumps of the heart which send the blood around the body or to the lungs. The heart is divided into two sides (right and left), each side
having an atrium and ventricle. The sides are divided by a septum.


• Right hand side                                                              

1. When the heart is relaxed, de-oxygenated
blood enters the heart via the venue cavae.

2. Blood enter the right atria.

3. The right atria contracts pushing blood
through the tricuspid valve into the right
ventricle.

4. The ventricle contracts and closes the
tricuspid valve forcing the blood out through
the semilunar valve into the pulmonary
artery to the lungs.

5. The heart relaxes and the semilunar valve
closes to stop back flow.


• Left Hand Side

1. When relaxed oxygenated blood from the
lungs enter via the pulmonary artery.

2. Blood enters the left atria.

3. The left atria contracts pushed blood into
the ventricle visa the bicuspid valve.

4. The left ventricle contracts and closes the
bicuspid valve, pushing the blood through
semilunar valve in the aorta to the rest of
the body.

5. The heart relaxes and the semilunar valve
closes to stop back flow.

function of the cardiovascular system.

There are 5 different blood vessels in your body.

1) Arteries and Arterioles.
Arteries and Arterioles are similar to each other. They both take blood away from the heart under extreme pressure. for the Arteries and Arterioles to survive the pressure they have a thick layer of muscle. They're elastic, because they need to expand to deal with the high pressure. Arterioles are small version of Arteries, Arterioles still have the same structure as Arteries.

2) Capillaries.
Capillaries are so small. They are only one cell thick. In the capillaries the exchange of gasses and waste products takes place. They turn waste into urine. Oxygen  gets off and C02 gets in. They're only one cell thick to allow for an easy exchange.

3) Veins and Venules.
These vessels carry blood back to the heart under low pressure. they're muscle layer is thin, because for them to have large lumin. The large lumin allows blood to flow with as little resistance as possible. They contain valve, because to prevent back flow.

Arteries are away from your heart and veins are to your heart. Arteries take blood away from the heart and the capillaries put oxygen on to it, after the veins take it to the heart to pump it and it starts again.

Short term effects of Musculoskeletal system.

• Increased range of Joint

mobility. The range of joint mobility increased, because they get warmer and can stretch further and the mobility increases.Muscles and tissues warm-up and they become like elastic. if the muscles don't get warm they will rip when you start performing. 

• Fibres tear as muscles

work. Micro tears in muscle fibres and they recover in bigger size and stronger. The muscles tear, because if the muscle can't pick the weight up it will tear apart. If lots tear at the same time will lead to muscle injury. Muscle Hypertrophy happens when you lift heavy weight, Muscle Tears and it  repairs itself, after the Fibres thicken and the muscles increase in size, also they'll be an increased joint range of movement due to increase in blood flow and increased muscle temperature.